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Modern scientific approaches, challenges and prospects in the field of domestic dog breeding (Canis lupus familiaris), with an emphasis on combining genetic, behavioural, social and ethical aspects of selection, are under constant attention of both individuals and clubs, professional organisations that carry out targeted work in this field. The complexity of making the right choice in breeding is due, on the one hand, to recent changes in social demand for certain breeds and, on the other hand, to the wide variety of dog breeds: toy (companion) and non-sporting (with unique or mixed functions); sporting (for hunting); working (guard, rescue, sled dogs); herding; hounds (search by scent or hunt by sight), terriers (for burrowing hunting). Each of these groups must perform specific tasks, which historically determined the peculiarities of imprinting and habituation of certain breeds. The process of domestication of dogs is analysed as a multiphase phenomenon, with constant accompaniment and development of affiliative behaviour, and as a result, a strong social bond with humans. Contemporary challenges in dog breeding are considered, in particular the problem of uncontrolled crossbreeding, the emergence of new breeds, the impact of inbreeding, standardisation and the reduction of genetic diversity. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of using genomic technologies (GWAS, DNA sequencing, breeding value estimation, STR markers) to predict the performance, behaviour and health traits of dogs for various purposes. The need for a clear definition of selection goals and the use of genetic-statistical selection criteria that take into account market demands, the social functions of dogs and welfare requirements is justified. Modern approaches to breeding work in dog breeding are considered, taking into account the achievements of genetics, biotechnology and bioinformatics. The material is based on an interdisciplinary analysis of contemporary scientific literature and leading research in biology, genetics, and genomics of dogs, using analytical, synthetic, and comparative approaches. The results of the studies indicate the need to rethink the goals of dog breeding – from narrow-breed aesthetics to preserving the health, adaptability and social significance of dogs in modern society.

 

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