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Received: February 24, 2026

Revised: March 10, 2026

Published: March 30, 2026

 

The paper analyzes results of studies focused on comparative assessments, improvements of existing, and development of new methodological approaches to socialization of dogs, both pets and working dogs – guides, drug, explosives, and weapons detection dogs, search-and-rescue dogs for finding living or deceased individuals under rubble, and law enforcement support. It also addresses scientific debates regarding canine ontogenesis, particularly the staging of postnatal development, including the number, names, and duration of stages. Arguments from different sides are presented concerning the optimal age to begin socialization – towards the end of the neonatal period, early postnatal stages, after weaning a puppy from its mother, or other alternatives.

Causes of various phobias in puppies and adult dogs are analyzed, including behavioral signs of timidity and fear, as well as their impact on the development of excessive aggression. Attention is given to imprinting, the development of tactile and visual forms, and its role in formation of puppy behavior and relationships with trainers. The mother’s role in raising puppies is highlighted, particularly in forming: 1) sibling relationships within a litter; with familiar and unfamiliar dogs; with strangers; with domestic and wild animals; 2) attitude towards various environmental stimuli, including loud noises (fireworks, firecracker, gunshots, thunder, screams). There are presented and analyzed statistical data on the number of dogs in certain countries, reasons for placement in a shelter, and premature death. As an example for application in Ukraine, reasons for a positive attitude of most British people toward dogs are briefly outlined and principles of organization and management of dog breeding in the UK are provided.

 

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