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Бета-глюкани – це природні полісахариди, що містяться у грибах, дріжджах, злаках та водоростях. Вони привертають значну увагу як потужні імуностимулятори та функціональні кормові добавки в аквакультурі. У цьому огляді узагальнено сучасні знання щодо механізмів дії, ефективності та практичного застосування бета-глюканів у вирощуванні риб і молюсків. Ці сполуки модулюють вроджену та набуту імунну відповідь шляхом активації макрофагів, нейтрофілів та інших імунних клітин, підсилюють антиоксидантні системи захисту та взаємодіють із молекулярними рецепторами, такими як Dectin-1 і Toll-подібні рецептори. Додавання бета-глюканів до корму покращує ріст, ефективність використання корму та стійкість до бактеріальних, вірусних і паразитарних інфекцій. Бета-глюкани також демонструють синергічний ефект при поєднанні з вакцинами, пробіотиками та іншими нутрицевтиками, сприяючи комплексному збереженню здоров’я та зменшенню залежності від антибіотиків у системах аквакультури. Однак їх біологічна активність залежить від багатьох факторів, зокрема від молекулярної структури, джерела, методу екстракції, дози та умов середовища. Сучасні виклики включають варіабельність між комерційними препаратами, відсутність довгострокових досліджень та необхідність видоспецифічної оптимізації. Тому подальші дослідження повинні бути спрямовані на ідентифікацію нових, економічно ефективних джерел, таких як мікроводорості та генетично модифіковані дріжджі; з’ясування рецептор-опосередкованих молекулярних механізмів; а також інтеграцію β-глюканів у системи точної аквакультури та стратегії функціонального годування. Таким чином, β-глюкани є наріжним каменем сталого розвитку аквакультури, забезпечуючи біологічно безпечний і екологічно збалансований спосіб підвищення здоров’я, продуктивності та стійкості риб і молюсків.

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